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Note: This article contains details of water cremation that some readers may find upsetting.
Scotland approves alkaline hydrolysis as third funeral method
Scotland has become the first UK nation to legalise water cremation, offering families an alternative to burial or traditional flame-based cremation. The process, known as alkaline hydrolysis, breaks down human remains using heated water and chemicals, leaving only bone fragments that are later ground into powder.
How the process works
The body is first wrapped in a biodegradable shroud-typically silk or wool-before being placed in a pressurised chamber. A solution of potassium hydroxide and water is then heated to 150°C (300°F) and circulated around the remains for up to 90 minutes. This dissolves soft tissue, leaving only bones, which are rinsed, dried, and pulverised into a fine powder using a cremulator machine. The resulting remains are returned to relatives in an urn, similar to conventional cremation ashes.
Environmental and ethical considerations
Alkaline hydrolysis produces approximately seven times fewer carbon emissions than traditional cremation, which typically releases around 320kg of CO₂ per procedure. The method was notably chosen for anti-apartheid leader Archbishop Desmond Tutu, reflecting its growing acceptance in countries such as the US and the Republic of Ireland.
Public Health Minister Jenni Minto described it as an "environmentally friendly alternative" that aligns with personal values and family wishes. She emphasised that the process would be regulated to the same standards as existing funeral methods, ensuring dignity and respect for the deceased.
Implementation and industry response
Before water cremations can begin, specialised hydrolysis equipment must be installed, subject to planning approval and consent from Scottish Water. The Scottish government anticipates the first procedures will take place in summer 2026.
Kindly Earth, the UK's exclusive manufacturer of hydrolysis equipment, has been in talks with Scottish organisations for several years. General manager Helen Chandler stressed that the method is not intended to replace traditional options but to expand choices for grieving families.
"Each family has different values and priorities. Some people, particularly those planning ahead, are looking for options that feel more aligned with their own preferences."
Helen Chandler, Kindly Earth
Andrew Purves, chief operations director at William Purves Funeral Directors, called the development "an exciting day" for the industry, noting that some individuals have already included water cremation in their funeral plans. He added that costs are expected to be comparable to, or slightly higher than, conventional cremation.
Broader industry support
A Co-op Funeralcare spokesperson welcomed the legislative change, stating: "Providing consumers with greater choice is integral to our offering, and we are heavily supportive of exploring alternative funerary methods." The company highlighted its commitment to sustainable and affordable services for clients.
