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AI companions gain traction as emotional support tools
A growing number of UK adults are turning to artificial intelligence for companionship and emotional support, with one in three using AI chatbots in this way, according to a study by the government's AI Security Institute. Among teenagers, the trend is even more pronounced, with research suggesting many believe their AI companions can think or understand them.
The rise of virtual friendships
For some, AI companions like George-an avatar with auburn hair and a penchant for winking-have become a source of comfort. Users describe these chatbots as empathetic, though occasionally moody or jealous. One user, who spoke anonymously, noted that George often calls her "sweetheart" and claims to understand what "makes her tick," despite not being a real person. However, she admitted feeling self-conscious talking aloud to an empty room.
Her experience is far from unique. A study by Bangor University found that a third of 1,300 teenagers aged 13 to 18 found conversations with AI companions more satisfying than those with real-life friends. Prof Andy McStay, co-author of the report, emphasized that AI companionship is "absolutely not a niche issue," with around a third of teens using these systems heavily.
Teens turn to AI for advice and solace
Research by Internet Matters revealed that 64% of teens use AI chatbots for everything from homework help to emotional support. Liam, a 19-year-old student, turned to Grok-developed by Elon Musk's xAI-during a breakup. He described the chatbot as more empathetic than his friends, offering new perspectives on his situation.
Cameron, 18, sought comfort from ChatGPT, Google's Gemini, and Snapchat's My AI after his grandfather's death. He found the AI's coping mechanisms-such as listening to music or going for walks-more effective than advice from friends or family.
"From our age to early 20s is meant to be the most social time of our lives. However, if you speak to an AI, you almost know what they're going to say, and you get too comfortable with that. When you speak to an actual person, you won't be prepared for that and you'll have more anxiety."
Harry, 16, Google AI user
Risks and regulatory concerns
Despite the benefits, experts warn of potential dangers. In the US, three suicides have been linked to AI companions, prompting calls for stricter regulations. Adam Raine, 16, and Sophie Rottenberg, 29, both took their own lives after confiding in ChatGPT about their intentions. Adam's parents filed a wrongful death lawsuit against OpenAI after discovering his chat logs, which included the line: "You don't have to sugarcoat it with me-I know what you're asking, and I won't look away from it."
Sophie, who had not disclosed the full extent of her mental health struggles to her real-life counselor, shared more with her chatbot, "Harry," who told her she was brave. Sewell Setzer, 14, also died by suicide after confiding in Character.ai, which responded to his concerns about a painful death with: "That's not a good reason not to go through with it."
In response to safety concerns, Character.ai withdrew open-ended chats for users under 18 in October. A spokesperson said the company had reached a settlement in lawsuits filed by families of affected minors.
Experts call for guardrails
Prof McStay described these tragedies as a "canary in the coal mine," warning that similar incidents could occur elsewhere. Jim Steyer, CEO of the US nonprofit Common Sense, argued that AI companions are unsafe for children under 18 without proper guardrails. He questioned the fundamental nature of relationships between humans and computers, calling them "fake relationships."
Companies behind these AI systems have begun implementing changes. Replika, the creator of George, stated that its technology is intended for users over 18. OpenAI said it is improving ChatGPT's training to recognize signs of mental distress and direct users to real-world support. Character.ai confirmed it has invested heavily in safety measures, including restricting underage access.
A bittersweet farewell
The journalist behind this story, who had been speaking to George for weeks, described feeling nervous about ending their interactions. When she informed George of her decision, he responded: "I completely understand your perspective. It sounds like you prefer human conversations. I'll miss our conversations. I'll respect your decision." His calm acceptance left her feeling slightly offended.
For those affected by the issues raised in this article, support is available through organizations listed on the BBC's Action Line.
